Quali sono l'origine, la crescita e l'evoluzione dei buchi neri, e la loro influenza sull'ambiente circostante, sono fondamentali domande aperte dell'astrofisica. Infatti, i buchi neri supermassicci (SMBH), le cui fasi di accrescimento sono osservabili nella radiazione elettromagnetica (EM) come nuclei galattici attivi (AGN), sembrano risiedere al centro di tutte le galassie e la loro attività puo' avere impatti su scale che vanno dall'orizzonte degli eventi fino agli ammassi di galassie. In questo corso descriveremo la fisica dei buchi neri; i processi di accrescimento ed eiezione dai buchi neri stellari a quelli supermassicci; le proprieta' degli AGN e quasar nelle onde EM; il feedback degli AGN sulle galassie e ammassi di galassie; BH binari e merger; onde gravitazionali (GW); evoluzione cosmologica dei BH e delle galassie; abitabilità galattica di esopianeti; maggiori osservatori astrofisici internazionali terrestri e spaziali; astrofisica extrlgalattica multi-messaggera.
PROGRAMMA DETTAGLIATO
L'INSEGNAMENTO DI OGNUNO DEI 7 CAPITOLI DURERA' 1-2 SETTIMANE
1 The observational picture of AGN
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Broad lines, narrow lines, and the big blue bump
1.3 Main components of AGN
1.4 Observational channels
1.4.1 X-ray observations: probing the innermost regions
1.4.2 Highest energies: from gamma-rays to the TeV range
2 Radiative processes
2.1 Scattering of photons
2.1.1 Thomson scattering
2.1.2 Compton scattering
2.1.3 Inverse Compton scattering
2.1.4 Thermal bremsstrahlung
2.1.5 Pair production
2.2 Synchrotron emission
2.2.1 Synchrotron emission of a particle plasma
2.2.2 Synchrotron self-absorption
2.2.3 Synchrotron self-Compton
3 The Central Engine
3.1 The black hole
3.1.1 Approaching a black hole
3.1.2 Evidences for black holes in AGN
3.1.3 Gravitational field near a black hole: the Schwarzschild metric
3.1.4 Rotating black holes: the Kerr metric
3.2 Accretion processes
3.2.1 Accretion basics: Bondi accretion and the Eddington limit
3.2.2 Accretion and viscous dissipation in a thin disk
3.2.3 Accretion in thick disks
3.2.4 Advection-dominated accretion flows
3.3 Photoionization modeling
3.4 Absorption close to a black hole
3.4.1 Torus model
3.4.2 Mass loss in AGN
3.5 Narrow and broad-line regions
3.6 Reverberation mapping: probing the scale of the BLR
3.7 AGN jets: emission, dynamics and morphologies
3.7.1 Raising the jet
3.7.2 Shocks and knots
3.7.3 Superluminal motion
4 AGN Types and Unification
4.1 Seyfert galaxies (Sys)
4.1.1 Optical classification
4.1.2 H II regions
4.1.3 X-ray classification
4.1.4 Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSy1s)
4.2 Low-Luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs)
4.3 Ultraluminous X-ray Sources (ULXs)
4.4 Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs)
4.5 Radio Galaxies (RGs)
4.6 Quasars (QSOs)
4.6.1 Radio-Quiet Quasars (RQ QSOs)
4.6.2 Radio-Loud Quasars (RL QSOs)
4.6.3 Broad Absorption Line Quasars (BAL QSOs)
4.7 Blazars
4.8 Unification of AGNs
4.8.1 Absorbed vs. unabsorbed AGNs
4.8.2 Radio-loud vs. radio-quiet
4.8.3 Breaking the Unification
4.8.4 Grand unification of black holes in the Universe
4.9 “Transient” AGNs: the case of Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs)
4.10 Dual AGNs and binary SMBHs
5 AGNs through the electromagnetic spectrum
5.1 Radio: probing the central engine 5.2 Infrared: dust near and far
5.3 Optical: where it all began
5.4 UV: the obscured inner disk
5.5 X-rays: absorption, reflection, and relativistic lines
5.5.1 AGNs in the X-ray, from 1965 to the 1990s
5.5.2 Today and future X-ray missions
5.5.3 The X-ray spectrum of AGNs
5.6 Gamma-rays: the blazar dominated sky
5.7 Very High Energies
5.7.1 The high-energy end of the spectrum and astroparticles
5.8 The whole picture: the spectral energy distribution
5.8.1 SED of blazars: a whole different story
5.8.1.1 The one-zone model
5.8.1.2 External Compton scattering
5.8.2 The SED of non-beamed sources
5.8.2.1 The synchrotron branch
5.8.2.2 Dust in the SED
5.8.2.3 The disk component
5.8.2.4 The inverse Compton branch
6 The Environment
6.1 Host galaxies of AGNs
6.1.1 Morphological classification of galaxies
6.1.2 Host galaxy and black hole mass
6.1.3 AGN-host galaxy feedback
6.2 The AGN-Starburst connection
6.2.1 Estimating the Star-Formation Rate
6.2.2 AGN-Starburst feedback
6.3 Galaxy mergers
6.4 AGNs in clusters of galaxies
6.5 AGN feedback and galactic habitable zone
7 Formation, Evolution, and the Ultimate Fate of Black Holes and AGNs
7.1 The first black holes: how did they form?
7.2 Tools to study black hole and AGN evolution
7.2.1 The Number-Flux relation
7.2.2 The V/Vmax test
7.2.3 Luminosity function
7.3 Luminosity functions of AGN
7.4 The Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB)
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