1. [I]nfo
  2. [M]oduli
  3. [B]acheca
  4. [P]rogramma
  5. [O]rari
  6. [E]sami
  7. E[v]enti
  8. [F]iles

Programma di Astrophysical Techniques:

01. Introduction: The observable objects in Astrophysics   02. Data acquisition and reduction: CCD camera - Properties of a CCD - Photoelectric effect - Image scale - Pixel scale - Field of view - Saturation - Noise - Noise sources in astronomy - Poisson's noise - Readout noise - Bias frame - Dark frame - Flat-field frame - Defringing - Signal to noise ratio - Absolute photometry - Differential photometry    03. Measurements in Astronomy: Electromagnetic spectrum - Photometry - Flux and Luminosity - Magnitudes - Photometric filters - Light curve - Color index - Interstellar medium - Extinction   04. Spherical Astronomy and Coordinate Systems: Spherical Trigonometry - Geographic coordinates - The celestial sphere - Coordinate systems - The Horizontal system - The local equatorial system - The absolute equatorial system - Diurnal motion of the stars - The ecliptic system - Diurnal motion of the Sun - Sidereal time - Solar time - Astronomical timings and seasons - Axial precession - Nutation - Galactic coordinate system - Calendar - Universal time - Julian day - Mentions on Archaeoastronomy   05. The Earth's atmosphere: Structure of the atmosphere - Effects on astronomical observations - Atmospheric turbulence - Observing sites and Astronomical Observatories      06. Astrometry: Proper motion - Parallax - Absolute astrometry - Astrometry from space - GAIA - Results from GAIA - The GAIA archive   07. Mirrors and Lenses: Plane mirror - Spherical mirror - Concave mirror - Convex mirror - Images formed by refraction - Thin lens.   8. Geometric Optics: Geometric optics - Fermat's principle - Application of Fermat’s principle: Snell’s law, concave mirror, convex mirror - Conic sections - Conics - Paraboloid - Sphere - Spherical aberration - Coma - Astigmatism.    9. Optical Telescopes: Focal length - Focal ratio - Aperture - Magnification - Resolving power - Diffraction limit - Refracting telescopes - Chromatic aberration - Reflecting telescopes: Newton, Cassegrain, Ritchey–Chrétien, Nasmyth, Coudé, Schmidt - Equatorial mount - Altazimuth mount   10. Atmospheric effect and observing sites: Seeing - atmosphere structure, temperature, chemical composition - Effects of atmosphere on ground-based astronomical observations, absorption, emission, scattering, refraction - Choices of observational sites, light pollution - Sky background, signal degradation - Observations in the visible, IR and mm; Locations of the large-class telescopes - observations from Antarctica.       11. Radio Telescopes: Radio telescopes - Telescope structure - Atomic hydrogen transition, synchrotron radiation - Radio interferometry - Modern radio telescopes.   12. Space and high-energy Telescopes: Astronomical observations from space - X-ray observations, X-ray mirrors, X-ray space telescopes - Gamma-ray telescopes from space - Challenges for space observatories, orbits, Lagrangian points - Observatories for very/ultra-high energies, Cherenkov telescopes.   13. Spectroscopy: Spectrograph, prism, diffraction grating - Emission and absorption lines - Atomic transitions, emission, absorption, energy levels - States of the hydrogen atom, Lyman series, Balmer series - Ionization, recombination, edge - Transitions across electromagnetic spectrum - Stellar spectra.   14. Spectroscopic measurements: Spectral lines, line depth, continuum spectrum, equivalent width, full-width at half maximum - Molecular transitions, nuclear transitions - Spectral information, line position, Doppler effect, gravitational redshift, cosmological redshift - Zeeman effect - Spectrometers - Spectral resolution, resolving power.   15. Spectroscopic instruments: Physical principle of dispersion, refraction, diffraction - Prism spectrographs - Dichroic filters - Michelson interferometer - Grating spectrographs, reflection grating, transmission grating - Echelle grating - Dispersion onto CCDs - Wavelength reference.
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