Human Anatomy 2014/2015

SPECIALISTIC DEGREE in PHARMACY

PROGRAM OF THE COURSE OF HUMAN ANATOMY (both semesters of the first year, 10 credits).

COORDINATOR from 2014-2015: prof. Pellegrino Rossi

The aim of the corse of human anatomy is to guide the pharmacy student into the study of the human body and of the critical steps of embryonal development, with special attention to the morpho-functional correlations. These are necessary pre-requisites for the understanding of physiology, patho-physiology and of the interaction of chemical compounds with tissues and organs, necessary knowledge equipment of a pharmacist. To this end, special attention will be given to the study of the microscopic anatomy of tissues and organs and to the study of neuroanatomy. On the other end the essential elements of gross and topographic anatomy of toraco-abdominal organs will be given.

First semester: Histology and Locomotor System (prof. Marco Barchi, 4 credits)

Second semester: Neuroanatomy, Cardiovascular System and Splanchnology (prof. Pellegrino Rossi, 6 credits)

CONCEPTS OF EMBRYOGENESIS AND ORGANOGENESIS.

Fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, formation of the embryonal layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), formation of the embryonal cavityes (intraembryonic coeloma), formation of trophoblast and placenta;

Development of individual systems: mechanism of formation and partecipation of embryonal layers to the development of integumental, glandular, muscolo-skelatal, nervous, vascular, alimentary, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems.

CONCEPTS OF HISTOLOGY.

Concepts of microscopy.

Morpho-functional characteristics of the four basic tissues.

Epithelial tissue: covering and lining membranes, glands, epithelial specializations;

Connective tissue: ordinary connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hematopoiesis, lymphatic tissue;

Muscolar tessue: striated skeletal, striated cardiac and smooth muscle;

Nervous tissue: Neuron, synapse, neurotrasmission, glial cells.

MICROSCOPICAL ANATOMY.

Microspocic features will be described in detail while describing the macroscopic features of all systems and organs. Thus, this aspect will not costitute the topic of a compact series of lectures but will rather be distributed along the all course. Microscopic anatomy will provide the notions essential for the understanding of the acquisition of special functions via the morphological and functional interaction of different tissues.

GENERAL ANATOMY: general principles of Anatomy - The three dimensional organisation of the human body - Anatomical terminology - Body regions - Cave and solid organs.

THE INTEGUMENT: general information about the integument and its functions, the skin, its structure, vascularisation and innervation, pilo-sebaceous follicle, sweat glans, mammary glands, nails.

SKELETAL, ARTICULAR AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS: general information about bones, joints and muscles - Cranium and its muscles - Thoracic skeleton and its principal muscular groups - Upper and lower limbs skeletal and their principal muscles.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Heart, arteries, veins and capillaries, small circulation, large circulation; principal arteries and veins and their districts; the organisation of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, lymphnodes.

IMMUNE SYSTEM: bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymphnodes, lymphocyte circulation.

BODY CAVITIES: Pleura, peritoneum, pericardium; formation, organization and function.

ALIMENTARY SYSTEM: oral cavity: teeths, tongue and salivary glands; pharinx and oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and bile ducts, portal vein system, liver functions; pancreas; vascularization, innervation.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: nose and pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tree, lungs, pulmonary alveoli and gas exchange, vascularization, innervation.

URINARY SYSTEM: Kidney, vascularization, the nephron and urine formation, ureters and urinary bladder, uretra.

MALE GENITAL SYSTEM: Testis and spermatogenesis, ducts, glands of the male genital system, penis, vescularization, innervation.

FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM: Ovary and ovogenesis, uterus and vagina, menstrual cycle, vascularization and innervation.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS: Pituitary gland and pituitary portal system, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreatic islets, suprarenal glands, testis interstitial cells, ovarian follicles and corpus luteum, endocrine structures in other organs.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Neuronal chains, reflex arch, motor and sensory pathways, sensory receptors and motor plates;

Spinal cord, structure, organisation of the grey matter and of the white matter of the spinal cord, spinal nerves, functions of the spinal cord;

Brainstem, nuclei of encephalic nerves, brainstem nuclei, ranial nerves, general functions of the brainstem

Cerebellum, cortex and nuclei, functions;

Diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, functions;

Telencephalon, white matter, cerebral cortex and functional areas, concept of dominating emisphere, lymbic system, basal nuclei and striatum, meninges and liquor;

Vessels of the central nervous system.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: the organisation of peripheral nervous system, nerves, ganglions and sensory organs, spinal nerves, cranial nerves and their distribution, autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic parts.

RECEPTRS AND SENSE ORGANS: equilibrium, taste, olfaction, sight, hearing

SUGGESTED TEXTS

1) John Wiley and Sons ed. - Principles of Human Anatomy, 10th ed. Gerard J. Tortora. 

or

2) F. H. Martini, M.J. Timmons, Robert B. Tallisch- Human Anatomy 7th edition 

or

3) Gray's Basic Anatomy