Pharmacology 2023/2024

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

- General Principles of anti-microbial therapy (classification; drug resistance; pharmacokinetics; mechanisms of action; rational basis for drug selection and drug association; empirical, definitive and prophylactic therapy). Antimicrobial resistance: a threat to public health. The antimicrobial resistance situation in Europe. Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents. Infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant Plasmodium Falciparum, and therapeutic options available.

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS

- Penicillins; cephalosporins; monobactam; carbapenems; β-lactamase inhibitors; glycopeptides; lipoglycopeptides; lipopeptides; cycloserine; fosfomycin; aminoglycosides; tetracyclines and glycylcyclines; macrolides and ketolides; lincosamides; streptogramins; chloramphenicol; oxazolidinones; sulfonamides and trimethoprim; fluoroquinolones; metronidazole, fidaxomicine, bezlotuxumab,polymixins, bacitracin;  

ANTI-MYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS

- Isoniazid; rifamycins; pyrazinamide; ethambutol; ethionamide; bedaquiline; delamanid; pretomanid; clofazimine; dapsone and other anti-mycobacteria agents for MDR-XDR TB

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS

- Amphotericin B; flucytosine; imidazoles and triazoles; echinocandins; griseofulvin; terbinafine; nystatin. 

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

- Anti-herpes, anti-influenza, anti-hepatitis B and anti-hepatitis C virus agents, repurposed drugs used for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection; remdesivir; molnupinavir; nirmatrelvir/ritonavir; antibodies against SAR-CoV-2 (e.g., regdanvimab; tixagevimab-cilgavimab); anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccines: general principles.

ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS

- Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; protease inhibitors; entry inhibitors; integrase inhibitors; ibalizumab.

ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS

- Metronidazole; pentamidine; eflornithine; suramin; melalsoprol; miltefosine; nifurtimox and benznidazole; sodium stibogluconate; antimalarial agents: artemisinin and derivatives; atovaquone; pyrimethamine; proguanil; quinolines.

ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS

- Benzimidazoles; diethylcarbamazine; ivermectin; praziquantel; pyrantel pamoate. 

ANTI-CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY

- General Principles of anti-cancer chemotherapy (classification, drug resistance, pharmacokinetics mechanisms of action; rational basis for drug selection and drug association).

CYTOTOXIC AGENTS

- Alkylating and platinum agents; - Antimetabolites: folic acid analogues, purine and pyrimidine analogues; - Microtubule damaging agents: vinca alkaloyds, taxanes, epothilones, eribulin, estramustine; - Camptothecin analogues; - Antibiotics: dactinomycin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone; - Bleomycin; - Mitomycin C; - Epipodophyllotoxins; - Trabectedin; - l-asparaginase; - Hydroxyurea.  

DIFFERENTIATING AGENTS

- Retinoids; - Arsenic trioxide;Histone deacetylase inhibitors; Histone methyltransferase inhibitors.

TARGETED THERAPIES AND OTHER ANTICANCER DRUGS

- Kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies; antibody fragments and antibody-drug conjugates; - Proteasome inhibitors; - mTOR inhibitors; - Immunomodulatory Drugs (IMiDs): thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide; -PARP inhibitors.; IDH inhibitors, Bcl2 inhibitors; SMO inhibitors

HORMONAL AGENTS FOR CANCER TREATMENT

- Selective estrogen-receptor modulators and downregulators, aromatase inhibitors; onadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists;

- Anti-androgens.